Company Profile Of Ashok Iron Company - 1632 Words

COMPANY PROFILE Ashok Iron Works Pvt Ltd was established during the year 1974 with a commitment to offer world-class quality castings. Over the years, the company has increased its emerged as a industrial conglomerate. Today it is being ranked as one of the top 5 foundries in India. The company has two large foundries and six machining. Division to support the activities. Under the expansion program, one of the biggest foundries is under commissioning state the steady and phenomenal growth of Ashok Iron Group over a period of 37 years is not merely an incident, but it is a result of the determination and foresight of founders. Shri Ashok S. Humbarwadi Shri Vasudev P.Hanji Since its inception the vision of Ashok Iron Group is to ensure dominant presence in the core sector industries which are critical for a growing economy in India and is enhancing and maintaining its strength that it is one of the best global scenarios of foundry business. This requires building an organization. Committed to the pursuit of excellence and committed to knowledge integration and continuous learning/up gradation/improvement in capacity and quality. Since its inception in 1974, Ashok Iron Works Ltd has always believed in offering the best value to its customers by; ïÆ'Ëœ Investing in the appropriate technology to achieve product excellence and a competitive edge. ïÆ'Ëœ Continuous Improvement in processes, methods, productivity, quality benchmarking with the best in theShow MoreRelatedInternship Report On Working Capital Management Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pages Signature of Principal DECLARATION I, Abhineta.S.Sarawad, hereby declare that the Project report entitled â€Å"WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT† with reference to â€Å"ASHOK IRON WORKS PVT LTD, BELGAUM†. Prepare by me under the guidance of Prof. Dayanand.S, faculty of M.B.A Department, B.L.D.E.A’s VP Dr. P.G. Halakatti College Of Engineering Technology, Vijaypur and external assistance by Mr.Sheetal. T. Neelgoudar ManagerRead MoreFinance Department Of Ashok Iron Works Plant II Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages FINANCE DEPARTMENT OF ASHOK IRON WORKS PLANT-II In Accounts department 6 persons are working with Mr. Sheetal, Neelgoudar Sr.Manager (Finance Accounts) 1. Brahmanad V Gurav (Excise MIS work ) 2. C S Shinde (Cash , Bank,Vat return MIS Related Work) 3. Mahesh Batagurki (Sales Billing Dispatch) 4. Parshuram Narvekar (Purchase Bill Passing) 5. Kishore Parabat (TDS other Sales Bills related works 6. Rakesh Mattikatti (Trainee) Working hourRead MoreV G Siddhartha Coffee King1622 Words   |  7 PagesV G Siddhartha Coffee King of Karnataka‚Chairman of ABCTCL Name V. G. Siddhartha Hegde Company ABCTCL Education Msc( Economics) Head quarters Bangalore Industry Agriculture, Distribution, Retail Country India Some facts Coffee Market in India  » Non Traditional coffee Market  » Grows 4 % of world coffee  » Consumes 30% of coffee produced  » Coffee culture unknown until late 1990  » V G Siddhartha’s family has been in the coffee business for more than 130 years  » The group ownsRead MoreEmployee Retention Analysis10575 Words   |  43 Pages |1. |Executive Summary | | |About company | |2. |Company profile | |3. |Jindal group profile | |4. |JSPL awards recognitions Read MoreCorporate Level Strategies3217 Words   |  13 PagesStrategies * Growth Strategies * Retrenchment Strategies * Combination Strategies Stability Strategies The basic approach is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ In an effective stability strategy, companies will concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product-market scope consistent with the firm’s resources and market requirements Types of Stability Strategies * NoRead MoreCorporate Level Strategies3226 Words   |  13 PagesStability Strategies * Growth Strategies * Retrenchment Strategies * Combination Strategies Stability Strategies The basic approach is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ In an effective stability strategy, companies will concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product-market scope consistent with the firm’s resources and market requirements Types of Stability Strategies * No changeRead MoreTata Steel Project5551 Words   |  23 PagesSteel, formerly known as TISCO and Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited, is the world s sixth largest steel company, with an annual crude steel capacity of 31 million tonnes. It is the largest private sector steel company in India in terms of domestic production. Ranked 258th on Fortune Global 500, it is based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is part of Tata Group of companies. Tata Steel is also India s second-largest and second-most profitable company in private sector with consolidated revenuesRead MoreA Study on Effectiveness of Training and Development8228 Words   |  33 Pagesfocused Descriptive research design. Data collection has done through the primary data in from of questionnaires. Suggestion has been made on the various statistical tools. COMPANY PROFILE COMPANY PROFILE Brakes India limited is a leading manufacturer of braking system in India for the automotive industry. The company was established as a joint venture between TVS and TRW in the year 1962. Brakes India limited has grown steadily to become a leading brake system supplier to global OEMs operatingRead MoreGrand Strategy3490 Words   |  14 PagesStability strategy 2) Growth/Expansion Strategy 3) Retrenchment strategy 4) Combination strategy 1. Stability strategy The basic approach is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ In an effective stability strategy, companies will concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product-market scope consistent with the firm’s resources and market requirement s. Reasons for adopting Stability Strategies:Read MorePestel and Porter Five Force Analysis of Container Line Shipping Industry in India7062 Words   |  29 Pages Analysis of â€Å"Shipping Industry† in India Business Group: Container Line Compiled by: Ashok Lalwani Introduction: There are many factors which directly or indirectly affect the present day businesses like government policies, regulations, laws, human rights, competition, technology, international organisations, world trade bodies, child labour, minimum wage, pollution, accidents, risks, violence, security, labour, supplies etc. Therefore it becomes important for every business to determine

The Bahamas And The United States Of America - 1498 Words

The Bahamas being from the Caribbean islands has a strict government and law enforcement along with their corrections system. Besides them having a different type of government they still have certain features that can be compared to the United States of America. Not all rights are being guaranteed to everyone the way they should be. The Bahamas has stronger regulations on certain things that other countries do not have. They respect the right of foreign people when they are arrested. They join another country to better the conditions of those in prison. Both the Bahamas, and the United States of America are trying to fight against a big problem that is currently happening. Besides it being a different country there are similarities with it, and perhaps even offer suggestions to improve their systems. Every country should have the goal to serve and protect their people, as well as to provide them the same law equality as everyone else. Discussions The Bahamas is a Caribbean island that its populations is 396,980 people the capital of this country is Nassau. The Bahamas principle language is English. Their criminal justice system has been based on English common law since 1964. They are also based on executive, legislative, and judicial branch (over view of the Bahamas). Their constitution gives more rights to the men than they do to women. The women get less rights for example, in a will the men will get the right to have everything over a women (comparative criminology).Show MoreRelatedThe Bahamas: A Thriving Nation1296 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bahamas: A Thriving Nation The Bahamas is a thriving nation! The British controlled the Bahamas until it won its independence in 1973. (â€Å"Remembering Our Past† 2014) Bahaman culture is very diverse, with intriguing cuisine; many represented religions, interesting and familiar holidays, beautiful clothing, and much more. In the Bahamas the economy is steadily developing, it is dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Bahaman resources include salt, aragonite, and timber. (â€Å"Central America a Caribbean:Read MoreSources Of The Fdi Flowing Into The Caribbean Region795 Words   |  4 Pagessources of the FDI flowing into the Caribbean region. . Most of the information was collected from the Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean as it is the leading source of information on investment in the region. Foreign Direct Investment into the Caribbean comes from all over the world and not from just the United Kingdom and the United States of America as most would expect. Canada as we ll as Latin American countries have begun to increase their investments in the region. AdditionallyRead MoreWhy Corporations Are Avoiding Paying Millions On The Government Of The United States And Other Countries975 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States and other countries. This tax avoidance costs the governments of various countries millions, if not billions of dollars in tax revenue every year. The government needs to stop the manipulation of tax loopholes by US corporations who are avoiding paying millions of dollars in taxes each year and eliminate the tax havens and loopholes once and for all. Tax loopholes need to be eliminated because multinational corporations avoid paying billions of dollars in taxes to the United StatesRead MoreThe Country Of The Bahamas1682 Words   |  7 PagesTo begin Latin America and the Caribbean as many countries that make up it group of countries. These countries each have an individual national identity which can be built in bountiful of ways. Firstly, a national identity is something that can presented by a single country using the greater of a wealth of topics, for example politics, culture, historical, climate and tourist attraction, this is just a small amount that can make up a country national identity. The country that this writing assignmentRead More Spread of United States Culture through Technology Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In todays society, the way in which information is spread drastically differs from that of yesterday, especially in different parts of the world - more specifically, the Commonwealth of Nations. As the United States continues to dominate almost every aspect of the world, including culture, many different nations scurry to keep up with them, sometimes adopting an identity which is in great contrast to their own, and in many cases, shadow their own identity as a whole. With the ever-advancingRead MoreCulture Is The Norms, Beliefs, Language, And Values1937 Words   |  8 PagesIdentification/Description The Bahamian culture was created when the Bahamas was founded in 1964. In the Bahamas the culture is very diverse. It is composed of many different things from the clothes they wear to the rituals they participate in. The â€Å"Bahamian self-expression† style has progressed from generations of African culture and some American impact. In the Bahamas art, religion, rituals and sports play a very important role into the culture. The art of the Bahamas is created by very bright colors and the use ofRead MoreAlcoholism And The Consumption Of Alcoholic Liquor918 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism is considered to be a mental illness that results in alcohol dependency† (Webster Dictionary). Statistics state that there were 2.5 million deaths worldwide; and 88,000 deaths in the United States that were alcohol-related. Alcohol is a serious drug that can cause serious damage. Alcohol is a drug that affects the mind and the body. Almost 2,000 people, in the United States, under the age of twenty-one die in car crashes in which underage drinking was involved annually. Nearly half of allRead MoreEssay about Global Poverty1599 Words   |  7 PagesInternational, 1). But what causes this startling fact? How is it that as the years progress, so does the rate of poverty worldwide? Some argue that poverty is a choice, and others argue that it is involuntary. However, literature argues that poverty is a state that is brought onto an individual or group of people by another individual or group of people. Through Bahamian and Caribbean Literature, the scarcity of basic needs, third world debts, and barriers to opportunities, are all factors of poverty whoseRead MoreAs part of marketing in business, strategy is a leading light because it is a plan of action700 Words   |  3 PagesSpirit has scheduled fligh ts with 52 destinations across the U.S. as well as the Caribbean, Mexico, and Latin America. The company first started off as a Clipper Trucking Company in 1964 but the airline service was founded in 1980, as Charter One, a Detroit-based charter tour operator providing travel packages to entertainment destinations such as Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. On May 29, 1992, Charter One bought jet equipment, changed its name to Spirit Airlines, and started servicesRead MoreEssay about The Damage to the United States Caused by the Prohibition712 Words   |  3 Pages The United States Congress proposed the 18th Amendment, which banned the sale, manufacture, and consumption of alcoholic beverages due to mass consumption of alcohol, alcohol related health problems, husbands drinking away their family wealth, and many divorces from alcohol related problems. From its ratification in 1920, Prohibition irreparably damaged the United States. By almost bringing the country into compl ete corruption, launching a skyrocket in organized crime, and decreased revenue from

Ethical Perspectives Free Essays

In the workplace, people at all levels of the organization are likely to encounter ethical dilemmas. An ethical dilemma is a situation where decisions have to be made that may be in conflict with one’s deeply held beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oftentimes acting in the best interest of the company requires considering the needs of others, not just one’s personal feelings. Understanding that personal beliefs cannot rule all workplace decision making, and in speaking of potential ethical issues, most people will state emphatically that they will assess each situation fully and only act when all the data has been gathered and a thorough investigation has been performed. However, the reality is that people make quick decisions that do not always take into account all affected parties, referred to as stakeholders. Tools have been developed to help people prepare for actual workplace dilemmas. One such tool is the virtual EthicsGame Dilemmas. The simulation consists of two problematic workplace situations. The Case of the Mysterious Roses revolved around a woman, Gayle Dornier, receiving anonymous roses at work and how it made her feel as though she was being stalked, which in turn made her feel unsafe in the office (University of Phoenix, 2013). The other scenario, the Case of the Cold Feet, involved a researcher, Dr. Waters, who wanted his superior to assist him in presenting the best data possible for a medical journal article (University of Phoenix, 2013). This would ordinarily seem to be a legitimate request; however, the supervisor was privy to information which indicated the results from the research were not as favorable as the article described. The purpose of the games are to help people determine who are the stakeholders and the possible outcomes using different perspectives, or lens, such as the rights/responsibilities lens, results lens, relationship lens, and reputation lens. The Process In both situations, the steps used involved being attentive, which is when the issue is defined. In the Mysterious Roses case, the issue was ensuring that Gayle would be able to discuss what happened with her manager, while the manager maintained his/her responsibility to treat all employees fairly during the investigation. In the Cold Feet case, the issue was determining how to find the balance between dealing with the false data and preserving the reputation of the organization. The second steps involves being intelligent, which is the point at which the stakeholders are identified. Making decisions without first understanding which parties will be affected by the outcome would be irresponsible. There are two sets of stakeholders, primary and secondary. The primary stakeholders are anybody directly involved in the situation and the secondary stakeholders are those who are likely not to be affected directly, but if they are, it will be a blip in their life, whereas the primary stakeholders may suffer a loss of reputation, employment, or investment. The third step involves applying reason and using one of the lens techniques to determine which type of action will yield the best result. In the Mysterious Roses, the lens that worked best was the Rights/Responsibilities Lens, which is to tell Gayle that her issue can be kept confidential, but that it may have to be reported if it is a work-related problem. She should also be encouraged to review the Company Handbook before meeting with her manager to discuss the issue. This is a good decision from a risk to the company perspective as it ranks zero on a scale of zero to five. With the Cold Feet case, the best lens was the Reputation Lens, which was for the supervisor to inform the researcher, Dr. Waters, of his/her concerns regarding the data without alerting him to the fact that the information regarding the data had come from the junior researcher. This will give Dr. Waters time to admit what he did and possibly explain why. If he does not come clean, the supervisor should then make the general counsel aware of Dr. Waters’ actions. This approach is somewhat risky as this could be elevated to a legal matter which would have to be shared with the public; therefore, it has a risk value of one on a scale of zero to five. These ethical perspectives were right in line with my views. As I was going through the simulation, there was an instance where my stance waivered, however, it was only when I was asked to make the decision that had the greatest good for  the greatest amount of people. When I went back to my true feelings on the matters, my decisions were always in line with what was considered the best option. Applying these Concepts to the Workplace Because my true feelings regarding these situations were in line with what the simulation offered as the best possible solutions, I feel strongly that I will be able to effectively apply these concepts in my workplace. Successfully dealing with ethical dilemmas involves keeping a level head, determining the true issue, and then applying reason to identify stakeholders and work through the investigation process. These are skills I possess already and which will only improve over time with each ethical dilemma encountered. How to cite Ethical Perspectives, Papers

Savage Beast Case Study free essay sample

?Savage Beast Case Write Up Section A: Major Topics Covered 1. Company structure 2. Innovative Ideas 3. Obtaining investors 4. Company leadership 5. Decision making Section B: Lessons Learned 1. Importance of a good Elevator Pitch – While persistence and ingenuity were also important factors in getting Savage Beast’s initial investment, the investor decided to invest after only ten minutes. This implies that Savage Beast had a strong elevator pitch that was both informative enough and interesting enough to hook an investor. 2. Defined roles – When everybody know what their role in the company entails, it makes for a well-oiled machine. When everybody has a job to do and everybody is open and understanding of the job decisions get made that are in the best interests of the company. 3. Sustainable plans – There are a lot of good ideas, but in order to be a successful company these ideas have to have long term footing. Without growth, the company will fail. We will write a custom essay sample on Savage Beast Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, if there is a music tool with a small music library, no one will invest. 4. Corporate decisions – It is important for everyone in upper management to be on the same page and to agree on company decisions. When the founders of a company are not in agreement the entire company suffers. In this case, I think one of them leaving was a good decision. 5. Redirection – Taking a step back and reassessing goals and options can be a huge turn around for a struggling company. There is no shame in stopping one failing strategy as long as the new strategy has purpose and direction. Section C – Discussion Questions 1. Where exactly did Savage Beast go wrong? There was timing issues (the dot com crash), unsustainable goals, and corporate dissonance, but which were causes and which were effects?

Assisted Reproductive Techniques Essay Research Paper InVitro free essay sample

Assisted Generative Techniques Essay, Research Paper In-Vitro Fertilization or IVF IVF is the name for in-vitro fertilisation, a process that involves recovering eggs and sperm from the organic structures of the male and female spouses and puting them together in a laboratory dish for fertilisation. The fertilized eggs are so transferred two to six yearss subsequently into the female spouse # 8217 ; s womb. After the fertilized eggs are set into the uterus embryo development will hopefully happen as in a normal gestation. IVF is really a four phase pattern that begins with ovarian stimulation and monitoring. In order to maximise the patient # 8217 ; s opportunities for successful fertilisation, doctors typically use ovarian stimulation medicines alternatively of following the natural rhythm which merely produces one egg. Ovarian stimulation causes several mature eggs to be produced for retrieval, fertilisation, and reassign to increase the possibility that at least one will ensue in gestation. ( See Figure 1 ) Ovarian stimulation involves the usage of follicle exciting endocrine ( FSH ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Assisted Reproductive Techniques Essay Research Paper InVitro or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This endocrine is necessary to excite multiple oocyte, or egg, development. FSH is a gonadotrophin, the name for a type of endocrine capable of exciting the ovaries to bring forth eggs. The female spouse is normally stimulated to bring forth eggs by the usage of HMG/ HCG. Careful physician monitoring is necessary to set doses to forestall hyper stimulation and supervise the injections site for possible infection. The physician carefully monitors the patient with vaginal or abdominal ultrasound and blood trials. The ultrasound scans provide an existent image of the ovaries and assistance in supervising follicle growing get downing about twenty-four hours eight of the rhythm. The doctor is supervising the growing, figure, size of each follicle, and any marks of trouble that require changes in intervention. Monitoring besides determines the timing of the following measure ; egg retrieval. In the 2nd measure, one time the follicle has ruptured, the doctor attempts to take as many eggs as possible. Not all of the eggs retrieved will be used in the current IVF rhythm. Unhealthy eggs and any eggs that fail to fertilise are non used. The two methods used to recover eggs are laparoscopy and ultrasound- guided aspiration. In laparoscopy, a surgical process necessitating general anaesthesia, the physician uses a surgical instrument called the laparoscope inserted into the ovaries. The laparoscope contains an aspiration system that uses light suction to recover the egg from the follicle. The consequence of each effort to recover the egg from the follicle is instantly examined under a powerful microscope. If the egg was non retrieved, all right accommodations are made for following efforts until all the mature follicles have been retrieved. Ultrasound-guided aspiration is besides performed under general anaesthesia. The ultrasound image allows more accurate aspiration efforts because the doctor can steer the needle into each follicle in order to retreat the egg. After retrieving the eggs, they are transferred to a unfertile container to expect fertilisation in the research lab. In the 3rd measure of In-Vitro Fertilization, a semen sample is collected from the male spouse about two hours before the female spouse # 8217 ; s eggs are retrieved. These sperm are so processed, called sperm lavation, utilizing assorted research lab techniques. Sperm processing helps choice of the strongest, healthiest, and most active sperm in the seeds sample. The mature, healthy eggs are so placed together in the research lab with the selected sperm. They are incubated at a temperature indistinguishable to that of the female spouse # 8217 ; s organic structure. After about 48 hours, the eggs that have successfully fertilized and are turning usually, are called embryos. The embryos are so ready for the following measure which transfers them into the uterus. ( See Figure 2 ) Finally, embryo transportation occurs, which is done without anesthesia. The embryos are placed in a catheter, which is a cannular instrument used to transport the embryos from the research lab container to the uterus. The physician inserts the catheter through the female spouse # 8217 ; s vagina and neck, in order to infix the embryos straight into the uterus. Normal nidation and ripening of the embryo is hoped to happen in order to gestate the kid. Thingss must follow their natural class after this, and the procedure of in-vitro fertilisation is finished. IVF was originally developed in the early 1970 # 8217 ; s to handle sterility caused by out of use or damaged fallopian tubings. In 1978, the first IVF babe, Louise Brown, was born in the U.S. Since so, the figure of IVF processs performed each twelvemonth have increased and the success rate has improved significantly. Because IVF was the first Assisted Reproductive Technology process developed and widely publicized in the U.S. , many people erroneously think that IVF is the lone intervention option for sterile twosomes. In fact, less than 3 % of all patients who seek medical intervention really receive in-vitro fertilisation as a intervention option. Most sterile twosomes who seek rating and intervention respond positively to the less involved intervention options ; such as hormonal therapies and unreal insemination. Despite this, IVF remains the most normally used of the ART processs. Artificial Insemination or AI Artificial insemination, AI, is frequently the best pick of intervention for twosomes that are sterile due to sperm upsets. AI involves shooting sperm through a narrow catheter into the married woman # 8217 ; s generative piece of land. For most twosomes, unreal insemination is performed with the hubby # 8217 ; s sperm. When a adult male # 8217 ; s semen contains few or no unrecorded sperm, the twosome may make up ones mind to undergo AI with sperm from a giver with the features they desire. Depending on the hubby # 8217 ; s effectual sperm count, the married woman # 8217 ; s cervical mucous secretion quality at the fertile clip of her rhythm and estimated clip to egg release from the ovarian follicle, the type of AI is selected. The type, intracervical, intrauterine, intrafollicular, or intratubal, are named for the location of insemination Intrauterine insemination, IUI, is a type of unreal insemination process in which the sperm are placed in the uterine pit through a transcervical catheter. With appropriate research lab techniques, the sperm can be separated from the seminal fluid and placed in a really little volume of unfertile medium which will maintain the sperm alive and actively nomadic. IUI may be indicated for the intervention of low sperm count and/or absence of fertile mucous secretion. The principle for the usage of IUI for the intervention of oligospermia ( low sperm count ) is based upon the cognition that merely approximately 1 % of the entire Numberss of sperm deposited into the vagina at interjection will happen their manner into the upper female venereal piece of land. IUI places the healthiest sperm into the female venereal piece of land to increase the chance of fertilisation. The usage of IUI besides does non halt the twosome from holding sexual intercourse nor from utilizing other types of insemination. IUI is performed by go throughing a unfertile catheter through the cervical canal into the uterine pit and so shooting the sperm suspensio n into the uterine pit. This is a simple process which can be performed either by a birthrate nurse or doctor. Normally the insemination itself causes little if any uncomfortableness. Following the insemination process the adult female remains lying down with her hips elevated for 45 proceedingss. After this it is hoped that the sperm reached the egg of course and gestation will happen from it. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer or GIFT Gamete intrafallopian transportation, or GIFT, was developed in 1984 as a fluctuation of in-vitro fertilisation. This process is most frequently recommended for twosomes with unexplained sterility with the female spouse holding at least one unfastened fallopian tubing. GIFT is besides recommended for patient # 8217 ; s whose sterility is due to cervical or immunological factors, mild adenomyosis, or selected instances of male sterility. The chief difference between IVF and GIFT is that GIFT fertilisation occurs of course within the female spouse # 8217 ; s organic structure alternatively of in the research lab. GIFT is a process that involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and puting a mixture of the sperm and eggs straight into the adult female # 8217 ; s fallopian tubings to further fertilisation inside the female # 8217 ; s organic structure. This process has three stairss to it. The first measure of GIFT is precisely the same as in IVF. In order to maximise the chance of success, the physician prescribes birthrate medicines to excite the female to bring forth more than one follicle and egg, and to help in exciting the follicles to let go of the eggs. Follicle exciting endocrine medicines are used to excite the growing and adulthood of follicles and eggs. Then HCG is given to excite the release of the eggs from the follicles and find the clip of egg retrieval. The 2nd measure besides mirrors the procedure in IVF. The eggs are examined under a microscope to measure adulthood before they are combined with sperm. The male seeds sample has been collected, evaluated, and sperm processing performed prior to the following measure. Finally, one time the doctor has determined the eggs are ready for transportation, the selected sperm and eggs are placed together in a catheter, where they unite. These sperm and eggs are called gametes. Using a laparoscope, the doctor begins the surgical process to infix the catheter straight into the fallopian tubing. The sperm and egg are so injected into the fallopian tubing, where fertilisation occurs within the organic structure. Unlike IVF, in which existent fertilisation is observed and confirmed in the research lab, GIFT does non let ocular verification of fertilisation. If fertilisation occurs, the developing embryos remain in the fallopian tubing and so travel to the womb for the natural nidation procedure to be completed. Like all other types of aided generative techniques, one time the egg and sperm are in the female spouses uterus, all that is left to make is wait and trust for a kid to be conceived. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer or ZIFT Zygote intrafallopian transportation, or ZIFT, is another fluctuation of in vitro fertilisation. In this aided reproductive technique the name fertilized ovum is given to the fertilized eggs. Like IVF, the existent fertilisation of the eggs is ascertained and confirmed in the research lab. The location of where fertilisation takes topographic point, and the ability to corroborate existent fertilisation, are the chief differences between ZIFT and gamete intrafallopian transportation. With GIFT, the existent fertilisation can non be observed because the eggs and sperm are united for fertilisation inside the adult female # 8217 ; s fallopian tubing. The advantage of ZIFT over GIFT is that ZIFT uses fertilized ovums, non an egg and sperm mixture. The stairss in ZIFT are the same as in IVF, except the location of where the embryos are placed alterations. With IVF embryos are placed straight in the womb. With ZIFT, the fertilized ovums are placed straight into the fallopian tubing. For ZIFT to be offered as a intervention option, the female must hold at least one unfastened and working fallopian tubing. ZIFT involves ovarian stimulation, monitoring, and egg retrieval, followed by sperm processing and fertilisation in the research lab and so transportation of the fertilized ovums, or embryos, into the female spouse # 8217 ; s fallopian tubing. After this, construct is hoped for. Oocyte Donation For adult females who experience failure of their ovarian map and adult females over age 40 with hapless quality oocyte, or eggs ( See Figure 3 ) , the usage of donated eggs from another, sometimes younger ( See Figure 4 ) , female may be the best option to accomplish construct. Use of giver eggs is an IVF process affecting retrieval of the giver # 8217 ; s eggs, fertilisation with the male spouse # 8217 ; s sperm, and reassign to the female spouse # 8217 ; s womb. Oocyte contribution is used when the female spouse has a familial upset than can be transmitted to the babe. Womans with inborn abnormalcies, adult females who have antecedently been treated with radiation or chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic disease, adult females who have repeatedly failed with anterior IVF efforts, and adult females with recurrent abortions, may besides see this option. One job with this technique is happening a suited giver. Embryo and Oocyte Cryopreservation Cryopreservation is a procedure of stop deading embryos to continue them over clip. Frozen embryos have been successfully thawed and used in ulterior rhythms that resulted in gestation. About two tierces of embryos will last the procedure of freeze and melt. An added benefit is the lower cost due to non holding to reiterate the ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilisation processs with the subsequent rhythm. These eggs, after being thawed, are placed into the females uterus in the same mode as is in in-vitro fertilisation. Decision Assisted Generative Techniques are rather helpful to people who wish to hold a kid but can non gestate in the natural manner. A adult male and adult female, for illustration, who wish to be parents but can non due to the adult female # 8217 ; s fallopian tubing jobs. With the aid of in-vitro fertilisation the twosomes dream of holding a kid might come true. Another illustration of the aid these techniques can give could affect a individual adult female who wishes to be a female parent. With unreal insemination the adult female can go the female parent she so wishes to be. These techniques are some of the most of import scientific finds to the 20th century due to the felicity that they can convey. Khamsi, F. 1995 Infertility Reference Notes for General Practitioners. Toronto Fertility Sterility Institute, Toronto, Ont. Kunz, Jeffrey R.M. The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide. Random House, New York. Loebl, Suzanne 1992 Mother # 8217 ; s Encyclopedia A ; Everyday Guide to Family Health. The Bryant Press Limited. Canada. Paulson, Richard J. 1994 In Vitro Fertilization and Other Assisted Reproductive Techniques. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Inc. , Los Angeles, CA. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.texashealth.org/arts/arts1.htm # 8220 ; ARTS Services and Procedures # 8221 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.centerforhumanreprod.com/map.html # 8220 ; CHR National Home Page # 8221 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ivf.com/sample2.html # 8220 ; Fertility Conference Abstracts # 8221 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.babyzone.com/infertility/costs.htm # 8220 ; The Causes of Infertility # 8221 ;

Free Essays on 15th And 16th Century Slavery

15th & 16th Century Slavery â€Å"New slavery began with middle eastern and north African Muslims, then carried onto the European Christians, who turned African slavery into an intercontinental business.† (pg 32 Enduring Vision 4th edition)† Slavery already existed in the fifteenth century in west Africa. Kings and emperors owned slaves, and so did many families. Usually the slaves, and their children, were taken in to the owners family as time passed. New slavery developed because the Portuguese needed something cheaper and longer lasting than indentured slaves. Indentured slaves were usually low status people in debt or prisoners of war. They also needed to replace the Indian slaves because they kept dieing from malnutrition and disease. New slavery started when the Portuguese started traveling to Africa. They saw the Africans already using slavery. They decided to catch slaves from some tribes and trade them to others for gold and silver. This became very profiting for them. The Portuguese and Spanish created large slave labor plantations when they immigrated to America. These plantations produced sugar for the European market. The Europeans began shipping Africans over to work on these plantations. New slavery replaced tradition slavery. This is because the black slaves were not looked at like humans. Their black skin and different religion dehumanized them and made them in the Europeans eyes just a form of property. Because they saw them as property they didn’t care how hard they worked them, and only fed them enough to stay alive and working. The slave owners became very rich and slavery spread fast among the nation. There were many differences between traditional slavery and new slavery. Traditional slavery began with people buying small groups of slaves. These slaves resided in their master’s houses. They generally worked in and around their master’s household doing domestic services. New slavery consist... Free Essays on 15th And 16th Century Slavery Free Essays on 15th And 16th Century Slavery 15th & 16th Century Slavery â€Å"New slavery began with middle eastern and north African Muslims, then carried onto the European Christians, who turned African slavery into an intercontinental business.† (pg 32 Enduring Vision 4th edition)† Slavery already existed in the fifteenth century in west Africa. Kings and emperors owned slaves, and so did many families. Usually the slaves, and their children, were taken in to the owners family as time passed. New slavery developed because the Portuguese needed something cheaper and longer lasting than indentured slaves. Indentured slaves were usually low status people in debt or prisoners of war. They also needed to replace the Indian slaves because they kept dieing from malnutrition and disease. New slavery started when the Portuguese started traveling to Africa. They saw the Africans already using slavery. They decided to catch slaves from some tribes and trade them to others for gold and silver. This became very profiting for them. The Portuguese and Spanish created large slave labor plantations when they immigrated to America. These plantations produced sugar for the European market. The Europeans began shipping Africans over to work on these plantations. New slavery replaced tradition slavery. This is because the black slaves were not looked at like humans. Their black skin and different religion dehumanized them and made them in the Europeans eyes just a form of property. Because they saw them as property they didn’t care how hard they worked them, and only fed them enough to stay alive and working. The slave owners became very rich and slavery spread fast among the nation. There were many differences between traditional slavery and new slavery. Traditional slavery began with people buying small groups of slaves. These slaves resided in their master’s houses. They generally worked in and around their master’s household doing domestic services. New slavery consist...

Dialect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dialect - Research Paper Example The history of Bangladesh is a case that proves the validity of this point. The various dialects that are part of the same language are given different statuses according to the political power that are possessed by the different groups that speak it. Apart from sociolinguistics that all these are a part of, there is also the aspect of a dialect that makes it phonetically and syntactically different from other dialects of the same language that puts linguists in a quandary as to whether to classify a dialect as a dialect or as a language in its own right. There are various dialects that are used in today’s language. English itself has various varieties that we may classify as dialects since they have a lot in common with the standard forms of English, which may be considered to be the American and British varieties. As a result of colonialism, a large number of dialects of English have sprung up in former colonies of England (Mesthrie). They began in some countries as pidgins that were used for purposes of trade and commerce. As the power and prestige that were associated with the language of the coloniser increased among the colonized, the significance of English began to rise. Even after the liberation of these former colonies, the legacy of the coloniser remained in the form of the language of English. This, even today, remains a symbol of one’s class belonging in these countries, where they are associated with colonial attitudes that have refused to fade away. These countries have however, also introduced their own flavors to the English that they have received. Thus, today, there is an Indian English, an Australian English and a lot of other varieties of English that are considered to be official dialects by linguists. With the evolution of the forms of colonialism that are employed by the political powers of the world, the politics of language also underwent changes. Neocolonial attitudes that were fostered by the superiority of the United S tates of America in the political arena ensure that the American dialect is considered to be the superior form of English. This dialect is popularized by American sitcoms and other shows on radio that make it more popular especially among the youth who ape the words and syntax that are used in the media. The dominant dialect leads to what linguists refer to as the death of the indigenous dialects of an area (Crystal). This is usually caused by dialects that are used for official purpose such as for administration. This dialect then turns into the one that the people of a region desire to acquire for the purpose of moving up the social ladder through the acquisition of employment in the government and the private sector. The situation is equally, if not more complicated for those nations that are multilingual. Such nations have to deal with dialects that demand the status of a separate language. This may seem like a tokenistic gesture; however, it leads to a lot of complications such as the demand for a separate state within or in some cases even outside the nation. A separation from the state may result in the diminishing of the status of the state while a separation which is effected while staying with the nation shall lead to administrative difficulties and also sets a precedent for other communities that compromises on the strength of the nation. In a multicultural and multiracial society, a dialect becomes the symbol of a community’

Smart Goals for Internship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Smart Goals for Internship - Assignment Example During my time in the organization, I worked as a marketing research intern in the marketing department. The marketing department performed the task of conducting market research, advertising, website development, email marketing, blogging and public relations. As a marketing intern, my job involved a plethora of duties, such as conducting consumer, database and media research, participating in public relations, email marketing and product management. I was therefore responsible for communicating with potential clients, customer follow-up, responding to emails, studying the relevant demographic information regarding the customers amongst others. During my internship period in Aboutsla, I had three major goals. First, I purposed to understand how the organization advertises its products and services. This means that I would aid in product management and brand development. My second goal involved acquiring in-depth information based on the target market. The action taken to achieve this goal includes participating in consumer, and business to business market research in the company. My third goal involves acquiring the relevant skills for conducting both qualitative and quantitative market research. In order to achieve this goal, I would be required to actively participate in the departmental activities, for example, helping to compile and prioritize product features, conducting media research and participate in the formation of strategies geared at reaching the target consumers. â€Æ' The overall goal statement is to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge necessary to conduct market research, identify target consumers, product development and management of current consumers so as to achieve the organizations goals. As an intern, the achievement of the set goals will be determined by my proficiency in the carrying out of the responsibilities imparted on a market researcher. For example, when I am able to gather and analyse

Wenz view on Consumption and Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wenz view on Consumption and Consumerism - Essay Example According to Wenz, he distinguishes the aspects of both the anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism affecting the environmental standard of the economy. The mentalities of the people are usually centered toward the development of their standard of living and increase the per-capita income. Human beings forget to progress hand in hand with the nature. The materialistic desires of the industrialists and the high-income group of people erases out the thinking power to contribute to environment as such. The improvement of environment and the wildlife have become the least important factor in this race for monopolistic concentration of wealth. Wenz states that due to the far-stretching hands of market and extending the limits of consumerism, the valuable resources are getting scare and exploited gradually. This is also bringing frustration to buy a highly marketed good and correspondingly the level of smooth working is also interrupted. Every property, if publicly hold faces the â€Å" problem of commons†( â€Å"Reconciling environmental ethics and political value†). This leads to the damage and reduction of the property value. The sustainability of the environment receives a negative feedback in respect to the current and the future generation. With the loss of these natural resources, people in the present time period enjoys the benefits but finally leaving nothing for the upcoming generation in the next period. This thought, to work for the improvement of the social animals is causing harm to the long-term strategy of the economy. Even, in the view from the non-anthropocentric people who are engaged in the welfare of and endangered species yield economic and environmental conflicts in the society. It may happen that to save a particular species and promote the welfare of them might lead to the slaughtering of another species of plants or animals causing a misbalance in the

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje  and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the optical ZnO films was studied. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). The optical band gap of pure ZnO thin film is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. Keywords: Band gap; Doping; Films; Transmittance. Introduction In this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure [1]. Recently, doped zinc oxide thin films have been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material [1]. Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible range (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO thin films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption [9] or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C [27]. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films show the lowest electrical resistivity [11]. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.4Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [11-13], which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.2Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [14-16] and AZO also shows good optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells [16, 8]. In addition to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as [9, 10] Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in order to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Zr could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO [10]. A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron sputtering [2], electron beam evaporation [19,20], pulsed laser deposition [21], spray pyrolysis [22,23], chemical vapor deposition [24] and sol–gel processing [25–34,5] have successfully been developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the sol–gel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, using metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as methanol [20,21], ethanol [16], isopropanol [14], methoxyethanol [11], ethyl glycol and glycerol [10] are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer [10,11,30]. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique. Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique. Experimental The films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400  °C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl3 ·6H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz – 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in air at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spectrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to calculate absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship between transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, ÃŽ ±, and thickness d of the film is given by equation (1). (1) The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2) Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a curve line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis. The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3) The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4) Where the wavelength of the incident radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film. The crystal phase of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5) Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima). Results The crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with prominent reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no: 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã….The presence of prominent peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and (7). a= √à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(6) c= ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(7) Figure 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination [18]. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated hole with an electron in singly ionized [18]. Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopants The optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3. Figure 2: Optical Transmittance of the films for aluminum and magnesium dopants Approximately, the band gap alteration of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material [1] and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients ÃŽ ± and the photon energy hÃŽ ½ for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at ÃŽ ± = 0. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are shown in f igure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect [2-5]. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known Burstein–Moss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases [2]. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behaviour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication. . Figure 3: Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopants Conclusions Transparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã…. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. References [1] N Choudhury and B K Sarma, Bull. Matter. Sci. 32, 43 (2000) [2] E Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954). [3] T S Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B67, 775 (1954). [4] B E Sernelius, K F Berggren, Z C Jin, I Hamberg and C Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B37, 10244 (19 88). [5] R Cebulla, R Wendt and K Ellmer, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1087 (1998). [6] B C Mohanty, Y H Jo, D H Yeon, I J Choi and Y S Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 62103 (2009). [7] S Gota, J R R Barrado, M Sanchez, N T Barrett, J Avila and M Sacchi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,042104 (2005). [8] W Tang and D C Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238, 83 326 (1994). [9] Gà ¶pel, W. and U. Lampe, Influence of defects on the electronic structure of zinc oxide surfaces. Physical Review B, 22(12): 1980p. 6447. [10] Minami, T., H. Nanto, and S. Takata, Highly Conductive and Transparent Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 23(Part 2, No. 1): p. L280. [11] Igasaki, Y. and H. Saito, The effects of deposition rate on the structural and electrical Properties of ZnO: Al films deposited on (112à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ bar 0) oriented sapphire substrates. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991. 70(7): p. 3613à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3619. [12] Minami, T., et al.., Group III Impurity Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 24(Part 2, No. 10): p. L781. [13] Kim, H., et al.., Effect of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser Deposition for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Thin Solid Films, 2000. 377à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 378: p. 798à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 802. [14] Kim, H., et al.., Indium tin oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 1999. 74(23): p. 3444à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3446. [15] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ tinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 86(11): p. 6451à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 6461. [16] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Applied Physics A: Materials Science Processing, 1999. 69(7). [17] Y E Lee, Y J Kim and H J Kim, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1260 (1998) [18] W.T. Yen, Y.C. Lin, P.C. Yao, J.H. Ke, Y.L. Chen, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3882. [19] T. Minami, H. Nanto, S. Takata, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 23 (1984) L280. [20] D.R. Sahu, S.Y. Lin, J.L. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4886. [21] H. Kim, A. Pique, J.S. Horwitz, H. Murata, Z.H. Kafafi, C.M. Gilmore, D.B. Chrisey, Thin Solid Films 377–378 (2009) 798. [22] M.A. Kaid, A. Ashour, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 3029. [23] A.F. Aktaruzzaman, G.L. Sharma, L.K. Malhotra, Thin Solid Films 198 (1991) 647. [24] T. Minami, H. Sonohara, S. Takata, H. Sato, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 33 (1994) L743. [25] W. Tang, D.C. Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238 (1994) 83. [26] T. Tsuchiya, T. Emoto, T. Sei, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 178 (1994) 327. [27] M. Ohyama, H. Kozuka, T. Yoko, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81 (1998) 1622. [28] A.E. Jimenez-Gonzalez, J.A.S. Urueta, R. Suarez-Parra, J. Cryst. Growth 192 (1998) 430. [29] P. Sagar, M. Kumar, R.M. Mehra, Thin Solid Films 489 (2005) 94. [30] T. Schuler, M.A. Aegerter, Thin Solid Films 351 (1999) 125. [31] S.Y. Kuo, W.C. Chen, F.I. Lai, C.P. Cheng, H.C. Kuo, S.C. Wang, W.F. Hsieh, J. Cryst. Growth 287 (2006) 78. [32] J.H. Lee, K.H. Ko, B.O. Park, J. Cryst. Growth 247 (2003) 119. [33] Y.S. Kim,W.P. Tai, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4911. [34] V. Musat, B. Teixeira, E. Fortunato, R.C.C. Monteiro, P. Vilarinho, Surf. Coat. Techno 180–181 (2004) 65. 1

anitgone and tess of the durbervilles comparison on destiny :: essays research papers

In the play â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone’s demise is destined by the Gods of ancient Greece. However, in Tess of the D’Urbervilles† Tess endures many incidents and coincidences of misfortunes that mark the course of her tragic life, in which destiny does not play a role as it does in Antigone. Chance and coincdince can plague or bless any individual at any time.Thomas Hardy portrays chance and coincidence as having very significant roles in "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" continuously. Three such coincidences were quite influential and had significant effects on Tess's future. The first being that Tess Durbeyfield's father, discovered that their family came from the oldest, and once the most wealthiest family in England. This single decision, of sending Tess to the d'Urberville, and making her leave the sheltered life and town of Marlott that she had known for so long would be the change in her life that would lead to so many other events for her. Had Tess not been sent to the d'Urberville home, she would not have met Alec nor would she have bore his child out of wedlock and her life would have been completely different. Another event that occurs by mere chance in Tess's life is when Tess slips a letter of confession underneath both her lover's door and (by accident) the carpet, where he could not see it. Thus, Tess marries Angel under the impression that he has been informed of her past, when in fact he is ignorant of her former actions. After their marriage Tess enlightens Angel of her previous affairs when she realizes he has not received her letter and is surprised by his extremely disgusted reaction. Angel is regretful to have been informed of Tess’s past after he has married her, as he now feels he has morally wronged in marrying an impure woman. As they had vowed, Tess and Angel stay married, although Angel cannot forgive Tess for her actions, and thus they separate temporarily. The coincidence in which the letter slipped under the carpet lead to Angel and Tess’s strained relationship. Tess’s self-esteem suffered and she was left emotionally unstable and distressed. Tessâ €™s state of mind allowed Alec to eventually persuade Tess to marry her, and in subsequent connected events leads to Tess’s tragic death. The final coincidence would be the death of Tess's father, which not only leaves Tess in a state of deprivation, but also the rest of her family, including her mother and six siblings.

Hazrat Ali Essay

Amongst the descendants of Hazrat Ibrahim A.S., Hazrat Ali A.S. belonged to the line of Quraish. He was the son of Abu Talib R.A., son of Abdul Muttalib of the distinguished tribe of Bani Hashim. Only one step above his lineage coincided with that of the Prophet S.A. of Islam. The latter being Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib and the former Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abdul Muttalib. It was his father Abu Talib who had nourished and brought up the Prophet (PBUH) His mother Fatima bint-e Asad was also a noble lady belonging to the tribe of Bani Hashim whom the Prophet (PBUH) regarded as his own mother. Birth Date & Place When the Prophet (PBUH) of God was thirty years old, Ali (A.S) was born on 13th of Rajab in the 30 year of Aamul Feel inside the sacred Kaaba. Family Background Amongst the descendants of Hazrat Ibrahim A.S., Hazrat Ali (A.S) belonged to the line of Quraish. He was the son of Abu Talib, son of Abdul Muttalib of the distinguished tribe of Bani Hashim. His mother Fatima bint-e Asad was also a noble lady belonging to the tribe of Bani Hashim whom the Prophet (SAW) regarded as his own mother. His Upbringing The responsibility for bringing him up devolved directly on Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) who devoted all his time and attention towards nurturing. It was owing to his inherent merit and capabilities coupled with the privilege of being brought up by the exalted personality of a guardian like the Prophet (SAW) that when the Prophet (PBUH) announced his Prophet hood Hazrat Ali (A.S)., though only ten years old, became his foremost follower and testifier of his claim. Marriage The first thing that the Prophet (PBUH) did on his arrival in Medina was to solemnize the marriage of his only daughter, Fatima Zahra with Ali A.S. The Prophet (PBUH) deeply loved his daughter and had so much respect for her that whenever she came to him he used to stand up in reverence. It was in the first year of Hijrah when the Prophet (PBUH) chose Ali A.S. for this honor. The wedding rites were performed with utmost simplicity. (a) He got three sons (Hasan, Husain and Muhsin), and two daughters (Zainab & Umm-i-Kulthum) from her. The youngest son, Muhsin died in childhood. After the death of Hazrat Fatimah he married a number of wives from time to time: (b) Umm al-Banin bin Hizam from whom he got ‘Abbas, Ja’far, ‘Abdullah and Uthman. All of these except Abbas were martyred at Karbala. (c) Saila bint Mas’ud who gave birth to ‘Ubaidullah and Abu Bakr. They were martyred at Karbala. (d) Asma bint Umais who gave birth to Yahya and Muhammad Asghar. (e) S ahba bint Rabi’a who gave birth to Umar and Ruqayyah. (f) Amamah bint Abil ‘As: She was daughter of Zainab (R.A.), daughter of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu ‘alaihi we Salaam). Hadrat Ali got Muhammad Aswat from her. (g) Khaulah bint Jalfar who gave birth to Muhammad ibn (h) Umm-i-Sa’id who gave birth to Ummul Hasan and Ramlah Kubra. (i) Mahyah bint Ummul Qais, she gave birth to a daughter who died in childhood. Jihad In first battle of Islam, which is known as the battle of Badar Hazrat Ali had his first experience of fighting a battle? At that time he was He was only twenty-five years old. There were important battles of Uhud, Khandaq, Khaibar and lastly Hunain in which Ali A.S. accompanied the Prophet (SAW) and exhibited his incomparable valor as a warrior. Almost in all these battles Ali (A.S) held the office of standard-bearer also. In all these battles he exhibited indomitable valor and steadfastness. In these engagements, as in others, he showed utmost firmness, tolerance and nobility of character. Title Because of his bravely Hazrat Ali was popularly called â€Å"Asadullah†(The Lion of Allah). He was also known as Al-Murtaza, Al-Amir-ul-Mo’mineen. As Caliph Hazrat Ali (RA) was elected as Fourth Caliph after, the martyrdom of Hazrat Usman (RA), at a time when the world of Islam was in great turmoil In 35 A.H. the Muslims offered the office of Islamic Caliph to Ali (A.S). At first he refused, but when the insistence on part of the Muslims increased, he accepted it on the condition that he would rule strictly in accordance with the precepts laid down in the Quran and the Sunnah (practice) of the Prophet (SAW) without favor and partiality towards anybody. He was the greatest Mujtahid and jurist of his time and one of the greatest of all times. Justice was part of his soul and spirit and was attached to his heart. His administration steered clear of partisanship, favoritism or nepotism. * He was particularly severe on his Governors and kept a regular watch on their actions. * He reprimanded his own friends, governors and employees even if they accepted bread as bribe. * To him wealth was for the use of other needy persons and not for himself and his family. * He never hid his earnings because the purpose of his earning was to help the needy and the oppressed and to save them from the exploitation of the tyrants and to make their lives happier. His Services Besides participating in Jihad he was never averse to do anything for the sake of the Prophet S.A. and Islam. The tasks that he had to perform were of diverse nature. He was responsible for writing down treaties and letters. He was also the custodian of the recorded portions of the Quran. Besides, he was deputed to Yemen by the Prophet (SAW) for the propagation of Islam. As a result of his successful preaching, the entire Yemen embraced Islam. Martyrdom Alas, this protagonist of peace, equality and Islamic values could not escape the malicious designs of the worldly people. In the morning of 19 of the month of Ramadan 40 A.H. while offering prayers in the mosque he was fatally wounded by a sword dipped in poison. Ali A.S. spent two restless days on his sick bed in extreme pain and distress. Eventually the poison spread all over the body and he breathed his last on 21 of Ramadan at the time of morning Prayer. Hasan A.S. and Husain A.S. performed the funeral rites and that prince of humanity was buried at Najaf at the back of the city of Kufa. Distinguishing Publications NAHJAL BLAGHA AL- SAHIFAYE ALAVIYA The two mentioned books consist of sermons, letters, and sayings of Hazrat Ali (A.S). Nahj al-balaghah comprises various issues that cover major problems of metaphysics, theology, tafsir, hadith, prophetology, imamate, ethics, social philosophy, politics, administration, civics, science, literature, etc. Most of the discussions about various theological issues and philosophical notions in Islam have their origin in very book. The book not only reflects the spirit of early Islam and the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet (saw) in the proper perspective, but also serves as a guide to traverse the future in the light of these teachings. The importance of the Nahj-ul-Balagha lies in two dimensions. First, it speaks about the fundamental of Islam such as the matters concerning God, the human being, Islamic views of humanity, prophet hood and its position in human history a means of understanding Islam and thus necessary for us to study. Secondly, the Nahj-ul-Balagha refers to the social problems of a hypocritical society with which we deal today. Accordingly, this book can be a source of Inspiration for us as regards to the social and political problems of life and the possible solutions to them. It is a matter of regret that Nahj al-balaghah was not properly utilized by the Muslims as a source book of Islamic philosophy, kalam, fiqh, and ethics due to misconceptions about its attribution to Hazrat ‘Ali (A.S) In the presence of strong and sufficient evidence in support of the contents of the book being authentic, it was sheer prejudice and lack of the spirit of inquiry that was responsible for neglecting such a reliable source of Islamic ideas. Thoughts on Principal Subject Hazrat Ali’s letter to Malik-e-Ashter throws light on the importance of the principles of administration and justice as dictated by Islam. The following instructions in the form of a letter were written to him by Hazrat Ali, when he appointed him as Governor of Egypt. Highlights It (the letter) deals with the duties and obligations of rulers, their chief responsibilities, the question of rights and obligations, dispensation of justice, control over secretaries and subordinate staff. In it Hazrat Ali advises Malik: * To fight corruption and oppression amongst the officers; to control markets, imports and exports; to curb evils of profiteering and hoarding and of cornering and black marketing. In it he has also explained stages of various classes of society, the duties of government towards the lowest class, how are they to be looked after and how are their conditions to be improved. * He has also commented upon the rights of rulers over the ruled and of the ruled over the rulers. * There is a main central idea running all through these instructions, it is that of the Creator. The government is of God, the governors and the governed are both the creatures of God, their respective duties are laid down by God. * In short this letter is on the one hand the gospel of the principles of administration as taught by Holy Quran; a code to establish a kind and benevolent rule throwing light on various aspects of justice and mercy. On the other hand it is a thesis on the higher values of morality.

Free Essays on Plato Quote

â€Å"In the higher world form of good appears last of all, and is seen only with effort.† -Plato I think that this summarizes a part of life that at least I couldn’t summarize in only one sentence. What Plato is describing is how if you work hard, put in lots of effort, you will see results. Goodness only comes when a person wants to see it, and doesn’t take advantage of it. When a person works really hard toward something in particular, and is dedicated to it, they will get what they were working for. Plato realizes that this method of getting what you want is possible, depending on the size of the thing that you are working for. If the problem is world peace, lots of people have to give lots of effort to make it happen. If the problem is small such as running out of gas in your car in the middle of nowhere, you have to give effort, and push it all the way to a gas station to get what is needed. I think Plato is amazing in that he can summarize all these thoughts, into one sentence.... Free Essays on Plato Quote Free Essays on Plato Quote â€Å"In the higher world form of good appears last of all, and is seen only with effort.† -Plato I think that this summarizes a part of life that at least I couldn’t summarize in only one sentence. What Plato is describing is how if you work hard, put in lots of effort, you will see results. Goodness only comes when a person wants to see it, and doesn’t take advantage of it. When a person works really hard toward something in particular, and is dedicated to it, they will get what they were working for. Plato realizes that this method of getting what you want is possible, depending on the size of the thing that you are working for. If the problem is world peace, lots of people have to give lots of effort to make it happen. If the problem is small such as running out of gas in your car in the middle of nowhere, you have to give effort, and push it all the way to a gas station to get what is needed. I think Plato is amazing in that he can summarize all these thoughts, into one sentence....

Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips

Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips Trip overview and description This risk management plan will cover four day trip to Mount Whitney which is the highest summit in the US with an elevation of 14497 feet above sea level. Whitney summit is Among the Sierra Nevada highest peaks. The trail will follow the normal Mount Whitney route which is considered to be less strenuous to the summit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beginning of the trail will at Whitney Portal situated 8360 feet. The increase in altitude is about 6,100 feet. Trail distance is 11 miles from Whitney Portal to the summit. At most, the trip will take 4 days to complete. All the members of the group will take train, bus or flight to Lone Pine and then driven to Whitney Portal where the trail will begin. The rest of the trail will be on foot covering at least six miles per day. However, this will depend on the distance between the camping sites as well as the day’s weather and other factors put into consideration. The main aim of the trail is to achieve the major objectives of the trail that includes health enhancement, recreation and improve quality of life. The other objectives are for the preservion of cultural heritage and natural resources, provide educational opportunities as well as boost the economic development of the region. Most of the team members are between the ages of 25 and 45 with the team leader being the oldest at the age of 45. The team of eight consist four pair of couples. Each of the team members has experience in the mountain trails with majority of the team having mountain hike skills. The team leader is the most experienced having guided most of the mountain trails in various parts of the world such as Alps in Europe. However, most of the group members are not new in the mountain trail.Advertising Looking for essay on health me dicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership The group Leaders will have essential responsibilities especially in the management of the team. The leader will have to ensure that the team is safe, have enjoyment, are fully engaged and most importantly, educationally gain from the trips. Besides the group management skills, the team leader will be required to have possession of navigational and trailside maintenance skills (Martin, 2006). In addition, the trail leaders must have the capabilities of assessing risks and ways through which they can deal with emergencies. The leader will also be required to provide an alternative in case of any eventuality. The leader should be highly experienced and is expected to provide technical advice on weather changes, acclimatization levels, GPS directions and health conditions and hazards as well as other technical issues that may be encountered while on the field (Cook, 2007). The camp instructors are supposed to provide any assistance as well as providing directions. Moreover, the instructors have the responsibility of ensuring that the teams are safe and secure. Trip Itineraries Day Distance (Miles) Location Time Activity 1 0 Whitney Portal 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30 – 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, filling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 12.00 pm Set off time, hiking up 2.8 Lone Pine lake 12.00 – 1.00 pm Lunch 1.00 – 3.00 pm Resuming the ascent, hiking up trail 3.8 Outpost Camp 3.00 – 7.00 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.00 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00pm Bed time 2 3.8 Outpost Camp 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 12.00 pm Set off time, hiking up 6 Trail camp 12.00 – 1.00 pm Lunch 1.00 – 3.00 pm Resuming the ascent, hiking up trail 8.2 Trail crest camp 3.00 – 7.00 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.00 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00pm Bed time 3 8.2 Trail crest camp 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30 – 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 10.00 am Set off time, hiking up 11 Mt Whitney summit 10.00-10.30 am Taking photos, taking measurements, taking records GPS, Descent 10.30-12.30 pm Descending the trail 13.8 Trail crest camp 12.30 – 1.30 pm Lunch 1.30 4.00 pm Descent 16 Trail camp 4.00 – 7.30 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.30 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00 pm Bed time 4 16 Trail camp 6.00 am Wake up time 6.00 – 6.45am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.45 – 7.30am breakfast 19.2 Lone Pine lake 7.30 – 12.00pm Descent arrival at Lone Pine Lake 12.00 –12.45pm Lunch 22 Whitney portal 12.45 – 2.45 pm Descent, arrival at Whitney portal 4.00 onwards Writing report, evaluation resting, preparing for the following day departure Equipment The following are the basic equipments or gear that will be required on the trail. These types of equipment are needed especially during the average summer conditions. However, during winter special gear may be required such as the ice axe, snow helmet, crampons and snow shoes (Connally, 2004). But since this trail is planned during average summer conditions, these winter equipments will not be necessary. What is important to remember is that all the equipments will be carried for the entire 22 miles round trip journey. Therefore, they should be kept as light as possible (Goldenberg Martin, 2007). The equipment that will needed includes:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Backpacks at least with a capacity of about 30lt and can comfortably carry all the travelling gear, food, water and extra clothing Hydration system with at least 2lt of water Headlamp mostly the basic LED lamp with high quality lithium batteries. Starting the hike with a new pair is better and it is a good idea to have an extra set. The map the best map is Tom Harrison Mt. Whitney Zone. Each team member should have its personal map print outs and extra care should be taken to prevent any contamination with moisture. It is also important that the team members familiarize themselves with the map taking cognizant of important pints or stopping areas along the trail before setting out for the trail. The maps are very essential especially when the visibility is reduced to a few meters when the clouds roll in. The GPS navigation or compass. These are very essential when the weather turns to be very bad. It is also important to have lithium batteries for the GPS. The use of these equipments are essential for all the team members and should be learned during the prior trail trainings The First Aid Kit carrying band aids, tape, aspirin, mole skin, ibuprofen, antihistamine, blister ointment, portable aqua iodine tablets Reflective blanket which can be used as an emergency shelter. The blanket should be very light Fire starter or water proof matches. Though they are rarely required they can still be useful during emergencies. Small knife which should be simple and smaller. Probably it should be 51 piece multi-tool. Trekking poles that will be vital in saving the knees and in extra balancing on tricky terrain as well as stream crossing Clothing gear that includes under amour boxer brief and bra for women, Patagonia Capilene Crew Top, North Face Paramount Convertible Pants, Smart wool hiking socks, water proof hiking boots particularly the Merrell Outland Mid boots and the Outdoor Research Sun Runner Cap. Extra clothing that includes light weight power dry long sleeve t-shirt, full zip fleece jacket, rain jacket, full zip rain pants, black diamond wind weight liner gloves, wind break beanie extra pair smart wool hiking socks and sunglasses Other extras may include sunscreen, lip balm, toilet paper, wag bag and wrist watches. Water sources Water is very essential during the hike particularly to stay hydrate d while acclimating. Various factors that range from environmental to physical body needs determine the quantity of water one should have at a particular time. In average, about 3 to 6 liters of water is required per person to stay hydrated during acclimation. Additives such as electrolyte drink mix and Gatorade can also be added to water or used along the trail to keep hydrated. Luckily, pure water will be found in many places along the trail and it is essential to refill or top up the water before moving on. The ponds along the trail are filled with streams that have clean water that can be used without further purification. There will be no need to carry more than two liters at any time. It is advisable to carry just the right amount of water otherwise it will be an extra load in the backpack. Much thought will only be on how to carry water. Water bottles are the best water container to use in this trail. Though most of the water points are fresh and considered pure, those who ca n’t take untreated water can use iodine tablets to treat their drinking water. Weather Related Information Mountain weather changes almost every time making it very unpredictable. Dangers arising from unpredictable weather are higher compared with other forms of danger. All characteristics of weather, sunshine, hail, snow, wind, rain and lightning will be possible at any time during the mountain trail. The team members will be required to pay extra attention to any development in the sky. However, the team must take precaution on sunshine, lightning, snow ice and hail.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sunshine at higher elevations makes people become susceptible to dangerous rays that may pose great danger to the hikers. The effect of the rays may also be intensified by the reflections from the snow therefore the team is advised to put on the sunshine protection gear most of the time during the day. Exposed parts of the body are very vulnerable to dangerous rays hence should be protected using sunscreen. The challenging parts are snow covered ground hence high precaution is needed. Mountaineering gear may be required at these points (Connally, 2004). It is advisable to end trails before noon since most of the thunderstorms develops from noon onwards. However the trail can continue when the weather is clear. Generally, mountain Thunderstorms develop very fast and are normally accompanied with lightning. Clouds that form thunderstorms can easily be observed. Once cloud forming thunderstorms are sported it is advisable for the team to immediately seek shelter in the nearby trail cam ps. Storm forming clouds are characterized by their Flat bases, White and gray color and their long vertical length. When these types of clouds appear early in the day, it is very likely that the storm will develop during the day. These clouds grow faster making the situation worse. Lightning create an electric radiations that has the capability of covering large area. The deaths that result from storms are caused by ground current. The teams are always advised to be in contact with the weather center at the starting point base after every half an hour to keep a breath of any weather changes. Transportation Transport to Lone Pine is very limited especially air travels since there is no large commercial airport. However, any air travel will require that one uses the nearest cities. Though air travel is limited, other means are available especially the bus. The Eastern Sierra interregional public transport is provided by the transit authorities. The buses operate several routs within the Eastern Sierra region. Other companies also offer bus services in most of the Eastern Sierra routs. However, private services are being made available by Mount Whitney shuttle. It is therefore advisable for the team members to organize with the Mount Whitney Shuttle Services for their transport prior to the trail. Rules and Regulations The trail team will have to adhere to the Mount Whitney zone rules and regulations that determine the conduct of the hikers. The rules and regulations concerns the permits, health of team members, environmental conservations, conduct of the team members, time regulations, safety measures, security, trail directions and camping regulations. Even though most of the rules that govern the trail are encompassed within the Mount Whitney zone rules, the team will also be required to have their own rules and regulations that will be used to regulate their conduct. The team will be required to stick together at all times, be at the camping sites before sun set, wake up by five in the morning, stick to the advice of the team leader and follow the required routs while on the trail. These rules are very essential especially during emergencies as well as enhancing the safety and security of the team members (MacInnes, 2005). Risk Assessment and Management There are several risks and dangers that will be inherently associated with this trail. Apart from dangers that are associated with injuries, there are those risks that are associated to weather conditions, healthy conditions and physical strains (Kosseff, 2010). Some of these risks will include Injuries resulting from boulder falls, falls, slipperiness, knee knocks as well as any other causes of injuries. Injuries may be simple or acute depending on the impact made with the object. Simple injuries may include cuts and abrasions as a result of falling on the gravel. Acute injuries may include severe cuts as a result of being hit by a falling bolder (Kosseff, 2010). Though the probability of their occurrence is small, the trail team will be required to wear the protective gear at all times as well as using the designated trail routs. It is also advisable that each team member take personal precautions in order to reduce the risks of having any injuries. Moreover, all the team members will be required to take physical training in order to be fit for this expedition. Acute Mountain Sickness is also another health hazard that is very likely especially when the team is approaching higher altitudes. In fact altitude is the major cause of the sickness. However, it will be accelerated by the rate at which the team will be ascending. The higher the rate of ascent, greater is the probabilities of developing the AMS. Higher ascending speeds destabilize the body functions before it adapts to higher altitudes. Other factors that may lead to higher chance of developing AMS are the degree of body exertion and dehydration. Therefore, it is essential for the team to acclimatize at higher altitudes twenty four hours before the beginning of the trail (Connally, 2004). All the team members will be required to be at Whitney portal a day before the hike. The team will be acclimatized at Meysan Lake, Horseshoe Meadows and Onion Valley which are 8360, 9200 and 10000 feet respectively a day before the trail. Moreover, during the ascent the team will keep a steady pace with short breaks to give the body a chance of acclimatizing. In addition, the team leaders will be required to constantly check the team members of any symptoms of AMS. The diamox will be among the First Aid Kit contents and used during these situations. In acute situations, the team leaders are required to call for emergency airlift to the nearest hospitals at Lone Pine The weather related risks are the most likely to occur during the trail (Connally, 2004). The ways to deal with weather related risks such as snowfall, hailstones, lightning will be extensively covered during the training process just before the trail. Dealing with hash weather conditions is integral part of pre trail training since weather related risks are the most likely to occur. Furthermore, emergency measures are also related to these risks. Emergency Action Plan The team will use the emergency services provided by the Sequoia National Park where the summit lies. The institution will also provide communication systems as well as any other emergency equipment as required by the regulations. Moreover, the trail team will be trained on possible emergencies and how to deal with such emergencies. In various points on the trail, the Sequoia National Park has put in place service centers to deal with minor emergencies. Contingencies Many things can go wrong in this trail, but probably, the risk hazards that have been mentioned such as altitude sickness, dehydration, environment related including darkness, hail, lightning, snow or ice, wind and sunshine. Others include injury, group separation, search and rescue op erations. Ways to deal with these eventualities have already been mentioned in the previous discussions. References Connally, C. (2004). The Mountaineering handbook: Modern tools and techniques that will take you to the top. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Cook, T. (2007). Outdoor leadership: The noble gift. London, UK: Deeper Vision Publishers. Goldenberg, M., Martin, B. (2007). Hiking and Backpacking. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Kosseff, A. (2010). AMC guide to outdoor leadership: Trip planning, group dynamics, decision making, leading youth and risk management. Boston, MA: Appalachian Mountain Club Books. MacInnes, H. (2005). International mountain rescue handbook. London, UK: Frances Lincoln ltd. Martin, B. (2006). Outdoor leadership: Theory and practice. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Appendices Appendix 1: Mount Whitney Zone Appendix 2: Mt Whitney Trail Map Appendix 3: Whitney Trial Campsites Appendix 4: Whitney trail topography Appendix 5: Weather related information WX6HNX-11 Sequoia NP (AT846) Lat: 36.60417 Lon: -118.73306 Elev: 6690 Last Update on 25 May 11:53 PDT Humidity: 54 % Wind Speed: 6 G 13 MPH Barometer: 29.66 in (N/A mb) Dewpoint: 20 °F (-7 °C) Wind Chill: 30 °F (-1 °C) Visibility: Miles

Renewable energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Renewable energy - Essay Example newable energy sources is that the energy sources like natural gas, coal, and oil have no permanent reservoirs and they will be exhausted at some time in future. Therefore, the world has turned to renewable energy sources as alternatives to traditional sources of energy (Hick, n.d.). Renewable energy sources are some of the very beneficial energy sources for a country. Some of the most considerable advantages of renewable energy include sustainability, less maintenance requirement, reduced cost of operations, and increased economic benefits. These advantages also make renewable energy sources very critical for the economic stability of a country. These resources not only bring economic benefits, but also they put a very minimal impact on the environment because of generation of very little amount of waste products. No polluting emissions and repeated use without depletion are also two of the most considerable advantages of renewable energy. Apart from the advantages, there also exist some disadvantages of renewable energy. However, the number of disadvantages is very less as compared to the advantages. Some of the disadvantages include difficulty in generating electricity quantities equivalent to fossil fuel generated electricity and unreliability under certain conditions. Let us now discuss some of the widely used sources of renewable energy in order to get a clear picture of their advantages and disadvantages. There are six major types of renewable energy sources, which include hydropower energy source, wind energy source, solar energy source, geothermal energy source, biomass energy source, and nuclear power. Let us discuss all of them in some detail. Hydropower energy source is the most recent invention in renewable energy. Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy, which has the generating capacity of 77,000 Megawatts (Conlan, 2009). It is due to the scarcity and rising prices of oil and gas that a large number of developed countries are putting